Electronics basics
Index
General
- A Basic Introduction to Filters - active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format
- Alex's Electronic Resource Library - collection of electronics tutorials
- Basic Analog for Digital Designers - tutorial in pdf format
- Basic Circuit Theory - by International Rectifier
- Basics of Electronics - basics of electricity and charge
- Cable impedance - what is cable characteristic impedance
- Characteristic Impedance of Cable at High and Low Frequencies
- Cource notes for power electronics
- Electronics Concepts - course on electronics theory
- Elements of AC Electricity - Basic Electronics on-line tutorial
- Electronics Information Files - pages aimed at beginners, includes simple circuit and some useful free teaching software
- Filters - examples of very many different filter types, good page for filter design information
- International Rectifier Application Training Guide - basic circuit theory, semiconductor basics, applications
- Laws of electronics - Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws
- Ohm's Law - equations, description and examples
- Piezoelectricity - the characteristic exhibited by a small class of materials having the capability to directly convert mechanical energy that distorts the material into electrical energy and vice versa
- Piezoelectricity education - includes basic information, application data, FAQs, introduction to piezo transducers, piezo history and recommended reading list
- Power factor - it is more than just cos(Phi)
- Practical Analog Design - refresher on op-amps
- Semiconductor Physics for Solid State Electronics
- The Smith Chart - an RF engineering aid by Phillip Smith of RCA many years ago
- Transistors and amplification
- Understanding Electricity - an analogy with water
- Various Formulas - formulas related to resistors, capacitors and inductors
On-line calculators
Electronics
Signal level controlling
Filters
Design articles
Basics
Digital IC characteristics
Memory
ASICs
Technology articles
- Applying basic grounding principles keeps demons at bay - proper grounding and shielding techniques haven't changed much recently, but they've become more critical to a high-quality design
- EDA tools let you track and control CMOS power dissipation - knowing where your chip is dissipating power is important for both IC and chip-based system design and proper tools and design techniques can help you analyze power consumption and make the right design decisions
- Field-programmable devices - field-programmable devices come in a variety of fruity flavors, and more are arriving all the time
- FIFO memories supply the glue for high-speed systems - designers have long used FIFO memories to couple subsystems with disparate data-transfer rates
- General Comparison of Programmable Logic Architectures - CPLDs vs. FPGAs
- Keep metastability from killing your digital design - synchronizing asynchronous signals causes metastability, which makes it difficult to iron out the bugs during system test
- Logic Family Voltage Translation - how to translate between TTL, 74xx, CMOS, ECL, PECL, Low Voltage TTL, LVTTL, etc.
- More pins and less space beget new IC packaging - new kinds of IC packages and new ways of connecting to dice-innovations that will profoundly affect upcoming product designs
- Moving Data across Asynchronous Clock Boundaries - Reduce data validity and timing problems without reducing data rates through careful design at the interface
- Noise budgets help maintain signal integrity in low-voltage systems - peaceful coexistence of CMOS and low-voltage I/O logic, such as 1.5V GTL, requires system designers to pay close attention to noise budgets
- S-88.110 DIGISKITTI - notes and information on a kit to help to learn basic digital circuit operation by building your own circuits, text in Finnish
- Some designs send mixed signals - phrase "mixed signal" typically refers to designs containing both analog and digital functions or components, but in the real world, every electronic component behaves in an analog fashion, but you can connect these components to form functions amenable to digital approximations
- Straightforward techniques cut jitter in PLL-based clock drivers - this article describes jitter and its causes and effects and shows you how to reduce it
- To be or not to be asynchronous; that is the question - asynchronous logic conveys advantages in certain situations, but, unlike synchronous logic, which you can typically view as a series of sequential actions, you generally must view asynchronous logic concurrently
- Whose fault is it anyway? An introduction to digital fault simulation
Digital chip design
- Beware of analog effects in pc-board conductors of fast digital systems - to avoid crosstalk and reflection problems in high-speed digital systems, you must consider transmission-line effects in the pc-board traces
- Breaking up a pair - The two traces comprising a differential pair, when routed close together, share a certain amount of cross-coupling, what happens when pair is breaking up
- Choose termination and topology to maximize signal integrity and timing - termination techniques improve noise margins and reduce signal reflections, but they require that you balance trade-offs among conflicting goals
- Ground Bouche in 8-Bit High Speed Logic - pdf file
- Ground Bounce in CMOS Devices - The high edge speeds and clock frequencies of advanced CMOS technology can produce unwanted oscillations during logic level transitions resulting in random logic bit errors.
- Really cool bus
- Decoupling capacitors: use them or fail
- Delivering the High-Speed Clock: It's Not Easy To Be On Time - digital system clock in high-speed processors, being late--or even being early--causes serious system problems
- Design and layout rules eliminate noise coupling in communication systems - high-speed telecommunication and data-communication schemes, such as SONET/SDH networks, noisy high-speed digital logic often shares board space with sensitive analog circuitry
- Designing with PECL (ECL at +5.0V) - application note
- Differential signaling
- Don't let rules of thumb set decoupling-capacitor values
- ECL and PECL
- ECL Logic Application Notes
- Exploit the potential of high-performance CMOS by selecting best interface - high-speed-bus and point-to-point interfaces between CMOS ASICs are no longer limited to conventional CMOS-level signals
- Ground-current control enhances dynamic range in high-speed circuits
- Growing your own IC clock tree - defining the clock-distribution network is one of the most difficult aspects of high-speed digital systems and system-on-a-chip designs
- High system speeds are making clock design a critical problem - Clock signals distributed within a printed-circuit board andaround a system must be clean, stable, synchronized, and have as near toa 50:50 duty cycle as possible
- High-speed connectors' electrical properties eclipse mechanical traits - faster rise times and wider buses have changed all the old rules of thumb, now you must rigorously analyze connectors
- High-speed-connector systems - in high-speed systems, you can't afford to look at connectors as just blobs of plastic and pins
- High-Speed Digital Design - site with lots of very good high speed design information
- Minimize Ringing - introduction to high speed chip interconnections and their termination
- Modeling and simulation capabilities smooth signal-integrity problems - like speed bumps on a road, signal distortion, crosstalk, interconnect delay, and EMI can force you to slow your logic circuits unless you take steps to avoid these problems early in the design cycle
- Solving signal-integrity problems in high-speed digital systems - signal-integrity and transmission-line simulation is a crucial part of high-speed digital design
- The nuts and bolts of signal-integrity analysis
- Use local bypass capacitors to meet rigorous high-speed-system demands - when conductors look like inductors and supply lines must absorb amps of fast-edge glitchiness, low-inductance, locally applied bypass capacitors come to the rescue
- Why 50 ohms? - Why do most engineers use 50W pc-board transmission lines on circuit boards
Digital signal level translations
General information
- ESD Control for Electronics Manufacturing - this application note presents recommendations for establishing basic ESD control equipment and practices in a small to mid-sized manufacturing facility which handles sensitive electronics components and printed circuit boards containing them
General
Designing info
General PCB manufacturing
Tools
Using laser printer in circuit board making
Using plotter in circuit board making
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