Component information
Index
- Electronic component v-i curve photos - transistors, FETs, photocell, transformer, capacitor
- Listing of Electronic Devices Used In Physics 410 Laboratory Exercises - links to data of some very common diodes, transistors, FETs, operational amplifiers, logic ICs, optoelectronics, thyristors and other components
- Resistor colour codes and capacitor values
- Temperature Effects On Silicon Semiconductors - describes effets on bipolar transistors, darlingtons, MOSFETs, diodes, varicap/varactor diodes, voltage reference diodes and schottky diodes, desgin note in pdf format
General
Power supply ICs
Popular general purpose ICs
- A watershed for the 555 timer - the ubiquitous 555 timer has for most of its life been manufactured in greater volumes than any other linear IC, this application article describes a new variant of the original 25 years old design
Standard logic ICs
Special logic ICs
The operational amplifier is the work horse of the analog world.
It is found in applications ranging from cellular phones to laptop computers to smoke detectors.
- Are Op Amps Really Linear? - everybody knows that op amps are the most linear building blocks in the analog repertoire, but every real amplifier has a bit of nonlinearity
- A single-formula approach for designing positive summing amplifiers - This circuit-theory approach on op-amp design and analysis has two benefits: You can use it on all op-amp designs without learning special formulas or cases, article in pdf format
- Basic Active Filter Circuit Blocks - filters based on operational amplifiers, capacitors and resistors
- Comparator - A comparator is used to detect whether the voltage at one input is higher or lower than the voltage at the other input.
- Design Trade-Offs for Single-Supply Op Amps - The trend toward low-voltage, single-supply systems is fueled by designers' attempts to balance the often contradictory goals of lower product size and cost vs. longer battery life and better system performance. This trend may be good for consumers, but it complicates the task of choosing an appropriate op amp for a given application.
- Designing with op amps: Single-formula technique keeps it simple - simple single-op-amp design technique uses one formula for both positive and negative gains
- Dual op amp doubles output current - standard linear output current for high-speed op amps is approximately 30 to 40 mA, this circuit doubles it using two operational amplifiers connected together
- Dual-polarity amplifier has digital control - can amplify a signal either in an inverting or a noninverting mode
- Feedback network silences op-amp resistor noise - information how to avoid noise on opamp feedback resistor network
- High Performance Audio Op-Amp Quick Reference - most important technical data of some high performance operational amplifiers for audio use, pdf file
- Internal Structure of Op-amps and Audio Power Amps
- Next generation op amps - achieving low power and high performance has been a daunting task
- Noise-figure curves ease the selection of low-noise op amps - evaluating plots of noise figure vs source resistance makes it easy to select a low-noise amplifier for a given source resistance
- Noise and Operational Amplifier Circuits - application note in pdf format
- Op-amp issues
- Op amp Myths - operational amplifier has become the quintessential icon of analog electronics and there are many myths on them within electronics designers, contrary to the prevailing dc-oriented view of these components, the ac gain dominates the behavior of a classical op-amp
- Operational Amplifier Basics
- Operational Amplifiers - introduction to operational amplifiers
- Piecewise linear amplifier eschews diodes - common implementation of a piecewise linear amplifier uses diodes in the feedback loop of an op amp but this circuit uses different method for that
- Portable analog design needs rail-to-rail op amps - Rail-to-rail op amps are mandatory in portable designs because only they satisfy the design criteria of low noise, high dynamic range, signal sensing at the input rails, and rail-to-rail output-voltage swing.
- Positive Feedback Terminates Cables - positive feedback along with a series output resistor can provide a controlled output impedance from an op-amp circuit, with lower losses than would result from using an actual resistor
- Simple techniques help high-frequency op amps drive reactive loads - modern high-frequency amplifiers are a cranky group that lose performance when driving capacitive and reactive loads but fortunately there is simple tricks to pacify poorly loaded amplifiers
- Single stage gives logarithmic gain steps - by placing a variable component in the positive feedback loop of an op amp, you can vary the gain of the stage logarithmically with respect to a linear resistance or conductance
- Some Tips on Stabilizing Op-Amps - 4 page booklet in pdf format
- Spicing Up The Op-Amp - opamp design information
- Systematic approach makes op-amp circuits resist radiated noise
- Two op amps make fast full-wave rectifier
- Understanding operational amplifier specifications - application note from Texas Instruments
- Unique compensation technique tames high-bandwidth voltage-feedback op amps - unique and previously overlooked method allows a decompensated voltage-feedback op amp to achieve low-gain operation with high dc accuracy, high slew rate, and low harmonic distortion
- Voltage follower with 1G ohm input resistance
- Analog ICs for 3V Systems - Single 3V operation is available for many op amps, comparators, and microprocessor supervisors, and for some RS-232 interface ICs.
- High-frequency signal-contaminations - information how RF can effect circuit accuracy and how to shield circuits against RFI
- How did analog ICs get that good? - building blocks available on a typical IC fabrication process are really not very good in absolute terms because the key transistor parameters such as transconductance, input threshold voltage and output impedance vary by at least plus or minus 20% and are not as good as can be produced in discrete form but with correct desing it is possible to make very high performance analogue ICs
- Reinventing The Role Of Analog/Mixed-Signal - not long ago, analog and mixed-signal functionality were treated as though they were an afterthought in the system design process but now markets move towards mixed-signal technology which combines analog and digital functionality
- A quick guide to voltage references - A review of reference topologies and a quick look at the various ways that manufacturers specify references will help you pick the best part for your next design.
- Selecting Voltage References - Voltage references are simple devices, but making the right choice for a given application can be a chore if you don't take an orderly approach. This article simplifies the task with a review of the available reference types and a discussion of the specifications manufacturers use to describe them.
General
Capacitor markings
Capacitor technical details
Make capacitors
- Gimmick Capacitors - how to make easily small under 15 pF capacitors from plastic covered hook-up wire
General
Coil making and design
Toroid coil winding
General
Transformer design
Transformer testing and measuring
Transformer modeling
Audio transformers
RF transformers
Telecom transformers
Transformers for switched mode power supplies
Pulse transformers
Winding transformers
Making toroidal transformers
Transformer applications and circuits
- Isolation transformer passes millihertz signals - this circuit allows to successfully use an ordinary low-cost line transformer as an isolation transformer in ac circuits that require floating sources, with this circuit the low-end frequency response extends below 100 mHz
General
Calculation related to power transformers
Selecting transformer type
Power supplies and transformers
Isolation transformers
Technical information
Making own power transformers
Relay information
Relay circuits
Special diodes
- Abridged Transistor Specifications - data of many common transistors
- BJT Configurations - three basic ways in which a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) can be used is presented in this document
- Consider IGBTs over power MOSFETs at frequencies to 100 kHz - evaluating the performance of IGBTs and high-voltage power MOSFETs for switching applications requires a common set of applications and assumptions
- Coupling Circuits & Techniques - how to interconnect transistor amplifier stages
- High Speed Turn-off Circuit for PNP Pass Transistors - cost-effective replacement of P-Channel MOSFETs, design note in pdf format
- ESP-SEMI - a small program to find transistor data, over 1400 transistor types listed, includes also text file format of the specifications
- Kleinsignal Transistoren - data on some popular small signal transistors
- Transistor Biasing
- How a Transistor Works
- How Semiconductors are Made
- Martijn Beelen's Transistor Page - most of the answers to questions about transistors
- ESP-SEMI - a small program to find transistor data, over 1400 transistor types listed, includes also text file format of the specifications
- PUT Complimentary Feedback Pair - one of the most useful, simple, circuit configurations is this connection of two transistors into a four layer device which can act like Programmable Unijunction Transistor, Silicon Bilateral Switch, Flasher, Bistable, Schmidt Trigger, Thermostat, Electric Field and Leakage Detector
- RF Power Transistors - transistor comparision table
- Shortform Transistor Database
- Transistor Cross Reference Database - database currently has over 40,000 transistors in it which can be cross-referenced to other parts, you can also download the whole cross reference list file by Pacific Semiconductor
- Transistor Cross Reference Page - many common transistors listed
- Transistor Pinouts - some common transistors in TO-92 case listed
- Transistors - to explain the transistors for beginners
- Transistors of the future: Will diamonds be an engineer's best friend? - electronics industry will have to start developing and using new materials and technologies to keep up with the increasing need for smaller, faster transistors
- Why Bipolar? - what is the future of bipolar transistor with competing technologies like CMOS
Electromechanics
Connectors
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